Normal cardiac function
Parasternal long-axis view
Remember “DEFG”
Dimensions: 3-4-5-6 (max size in cm of RVOT, aortic root, LA and LV in PLAX)
Effort: LV function (walls should contract by 1/3, E-point septal separation <7mm), RV function (in 4-chamber view).
Fluid: pericardial effusion and tamponade, IVC assessment.
Gradients: gross assessment of valves, Colour flow for regurgitation.
LV systolic dysfunction
PLAX - cardiomyopathy with LV systolic impairment
Pericardial effusion
Cardiac Arrest
RV dilatation/dysfunction
Apical view - RV dilatation with impaired systolic function
Inferior vena cava (IVC)